Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms

Question: Examine about the Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms. Answer: Presentation: Agreement law is a fundamental, yet exceptionally point by point law and it has different various perspectives, which must be followed appropriately. This lawful article contains a conversation upon the different components of an agreement, notwithstanding the way of setting up a penetrate of agreement. The conversation would likewise remember the way for which every component of agreement impacts the development of agreement, prohibition provision, just as, the postal guidelines. Consequently, the contextual investigation would be broke down with the assistance of agreement law and its different angles. Through the examination of contextual analysis, with the appropriate laws, it would be set up that Joseph and Clara can't start any legitimate activities against Marshall as there is no counter-guarantee. Further, it would likewise feature the accomplishment of legitimate activity against Joseph and Clara by Marshall for the break of agreement. In any case, Edward would not be effect ive in raising this case. The agreement can be expressed as a trade of guarantee, which happens between two additional gatherings, for a thought. There are two habits in which an agreement can be framed, i.e., the agreement where the authoritative terms are talked about in an oral way and is known as an oral agreement; and the other one is the composed agreement, wherein the legally binding terms are examined and after conversation, put on a record, which is then marked by the contracting parties. For the formation of a legitimate agreement, it needs to have the six fundamental components, offer and acknowledgment, thought, goal to shape lawful relations, veritable assent, authoritative limit and lawfulness of items. The main basic component in an agreement is to have an offer. It is critical to make a separation between an offer and a challenge to treat. A challenge to treat speaks to the intrigue and the ability to go into the phase of dealings. The promotions which are shrouded in magazines or the papers are taken to be an encouragement to treat, rather than an offer. A prime case of this is the situation of Partridge v Crittenden, where the ad in magazine was held to be the challenge to treat. This is the motivation behind why the courts decide that if there should arise an occurrence of an encouragement to treat, the people are not required to finish the deal. Be that as it may, where a one-sided offer is distributed in a paper, in such a case, the notice would be treated as an offer, and the prime case of this is Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. Joseph had given the promotion in the neighborhood paper, which was not a one-sided offer, as it opened the channels for additional arrangements and welcomed the costs from the invested individuals. Being a challenge to treat, Clara and Joseph were not committed to acknowledge the answers of either Edward or Marshall according to Partridge v Crittenden. The answer to this greeting dating February eighth 2017 by Marshall and the one dating February twelfth 2017 by Edward would be regarded as the offer. As these answers were the response to the dealings started through the encouragement to treat, they would be considered as offer. The second component of agreement identifies with the acknowledgment to the offer. At whatever point an offer is made by one gathering, it hosts to be acknowledged by the get-together to which the offer was made, as it was made. On the off chance that the offer is adjusted or revised in even the minutest of ways, it is regarded as a counter offer, and a prime case of this is the situation of Hyde v. Wrench. The acknowledgment can likewise be conveyed through post. At the point when an acknowledgment is posted, the date of posting the letter of acknowledgment is taken as the date of acknowledgment by the gathering. The purpose for this is the postal office is the inferred specialist of the posting party, thus, the receipt of such office is regarded receipt by the other party. It stays unimportant whether such correspondence is gotten by the contribution party. The agreement was held to be enforceable because of the date of postage being the date of acknowledgment, on account of Adams v. Lindsell. The principles of postage apply to the electronic correspondence as these are viewed as what might be compared to the postal framework. Consequently, when an email is sent, containing the offer or acknowledgment of the contracting parties, the date of sending such an email is taken to be the date of offer or acknowledgment. The key goal behind this idea is the gathering of brains of the contracting parties. For the contextual investigation given here, the offer was sent through an email. Thus, applying the postal principles, the date of offer would be the email date. For the acknowledgment part, the acknowledgment was made by Marshall to Joseph on February thirteenth 2017, through, Edward never acknowledged the offer. Another component of agreement identifies with the thought, without which, an agreement is invalid. In both the offers, by Marshall and Edward, there was a thought of $40 per square meter and $38 per square meter, separately. The particulars of the agreement were clear. There was legitimate limit, and authentic assent as there is nothing to show others. Furthermore, the particulars of the agreement were additionally lawful. Thus, because of quality of the components of agreement, an agreement was detailed between Clara-Joseph and Marshall. However, because of absence of acknowledgment to the proposal of Edward, an agreement was not shaped. Frequently a term is remembered for the agreement, which has the intensity of confining and constraining the rights or liabilities of the gatherings and is known as the prohibition proviso. A rejection statement must be legitimate when it is incorporated appropriately in the agreement and isn't conflicting to the law or the relevance of such law. The prohibition condition should be embedded when the agreement is shaped and in the event that it is are joined later on, it gets invalid. In L'Estrange v Graucob it was held that it isn't important for the offended party to have perused the avoidance statement. However, on the off chance that the avoidance condition is expressed somewhere else, it becomes critical that it is appropriately brought to the consideration of the gathering against which it is incorporated. Since the avoidance proviso was contained at the rear of the ticket, in Chapelton v Barry UDC and the equivalent was not brought to the consideration of the gathering, it was esteemed as invalid. For the situation study, the prohibition statement was not contained in the agreement and rather, was contained in the standard structure by Marshall. Thus, according to Chapelton v Barry UDC, this rejection provision was invalid. This was likewise invalid as Marshall neglected to feature the equivalent before Joseph. A break of agreement happens in such circumstances where the gathering to the agreement misses the mark in satisfying at least one terms of the agreement. If there should arise an occurrence of break of agreement, the wronged party can apply cures in type of money related, just as, fair harms. For this situation study, Joseph prevented Marshall from carrying on his work. Despite the fact that the work was not performed by Marshall, however it was because of the activities of Joseph, thus, Joseph penetrated the agreement. For this penetrate, Marshall can guarantee financial remuneration. Be that as it may, as an agreement was not shaped among Edward and Joseph, a break can't be set up. After the episode with Marshall, Joseph reacted to the proposal of Edward, by changing the terms, where by the work must be started upon the fulfillment of auxiliary adequacy of the floor. Along these lines, according to Hyde v. Wrench, this is a counter offer. This agreement was shaped later on, and as the work has not yet been expressed by Edward, the agreement has not finished up and a break is absent. The point with respect to the counter-guarantee could have been made by Joseph and Clara, just when Marshall had neglected to release his piece of the agreement. Despite the fact that they could raise the point, that because of the absence of legitimate work by Marshall, the flooding was caused, however Marshall never would not proceed or address the work. He was intentionally halted from accomplishing his work by Joseph and Clara thus, there is no counter case which can be presented in this defense. Through the examination of the contextual investigation, with the material laws and the main cases, the agreement was set up. An agreement was framed among Marshall and Joseph-Clara, which was penetrated by the last mentioned and needed to repay the previous for such break. Be that as it may, for the absence of work done in legitimate way by Marshall, he would have needed to counter-remunerate Joseph-Clara, just on the off chance that he had wouldn't right his work. Since nothing of the sort was done, a counter-guarantee can't be made by Joseph and Clara. However, the rejection statement, was invalid, and would not be of any help to Marshall. However, there is no lawful risk emerging for Joseph-Clara because of their agreement with Edward. Book index Abbott K, Pendlebury N and Wardman K, Business law (Thompson Learning, eighth ed, 2007) Carter JW, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, fifth ed, 2007) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Lawson RG, Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, tenth ed, 2011) Macdonald E and Atkins R, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, eighth ed, 2014) Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940) 1 KB 532 Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204

Case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case report - Essay Example One issue confronting the Chatime Company is in the item life cycle arranging in which the item should experience a few phases to upgrade its attractiveness. The company’s head needs to open more branches to sell their tea in the Asian market. Presenting the brand in the new market will require a great deal of statistical surveying and advancements to decide any semblance of the new clients (Aladwani, 2001). The administration is against the thought as they feel that it will be a troublesome errand to attempt since their market is made out of the Chinese. The item life cycles stages are its turn of events, presentation, development, development, and its decrease. Items in the initial three phases will require a serious statistical surveying to build up them in the market. The item likewise requires a great deal of improvement and commercial to empower the shoppers realize that they exist in the market (Strategic Management, 2015). Centered authority is significant in building up an effective market for the item. Dynamic in this organization is an issue inferable from the way that Zhao and the other Franchise are not in understanding with regards to where to open the new outlet. There are other tea stores, for example, Gongcha, which will offer firm rivalry to Chatime items. Bore they see any considerable advantages from the new outlet, the organization will go through a great deal of cash and different assets to persuade their new customer that they are offering the best item. Another explanation that settles on the choice an issue is because of the opposition that as of now exist in the drink showcase, which will require solid administration and innovativeness to empower them catch whatever number clients as could be expected under the circumstances. The test is that all the pioneers of the organization don't bolster the thought in spite of the fact that Zhao has the help of a couple of them. The organization will subsequently, need to concentrate on it em separation and administration to win the market. The item life cycle arranging will

Betrayal in the City Essay

Double-cross in the city novel outline FRANCIS IMBUGA was brought into the world 1947 in Wenyange town in western Kenya. He is an eminent Kenyan writer, on-screen character and maker. Double-crossing in the City is a political play. The author analyzes the issues of autonomy and opportunity in post-provincial states in Africa. The play discusses military systems that were basic on the African mainland after autonomy. A considerable lot of such systems were later toppled by upset de tats. Francis Imbuga’s significant concern is treachery at two levels, both at an individual and government level. Selling out in the City shows a rot in ethics, voracity for power, material possessiveness and childishness. Doga and Nina regret as they grieve their dead child, Adika. The old couple wishes to play out a custom for their dead child. This exertion is hampered by express headings from the legislature brought by Mulili and Jere guaranteeing that custom ought not go on in light of a legitimate concern for harmony; yet Doga and Nina are determined. Their lone residual child, Jusper, is detained. This gives us what's going on in Kafira †the debasement, foul play and persecution of the individuals. Pundits of the legislature are not endured. Jere and Mosese are from now on put into jail over misleading allegations. The two of them endure the torment of the government’s selling out. Jere agonizingly says: â€Å"When the frenzy of a whole country upsets a single brain, it isn't sufficient to state the man is mad.† Government authorities utilize any chance to bring in cash through uncalled for implies. Tumbo for example announces Jusper the champ of the play composing rivalry and grants him the winner’s prize cash. 33% of the 600 pounds to fund the play composing rivalry is given to Jusper and his young lady companion, Regina; and the staying 66% to set records on the right track underscoring that everything is being done in severe certainty. Regardless of this Jusper pledges to vindicate some time or another regardless of whether it implies going itâ alone since he realizes that a University understudy is anything but an invite individual in Kafira and is taken a gander at as a disturbance to society and a nuisance. Government authorities first consider what they are going to profit before pondering on issues of state. What initially engrosses their brain is what amount are they going to pick up and that the size of the potato each will get ought to be straightforwardly relative to what their administrator will get. Being a relative Boss allows Mulili to loathe his associates in administration. Mulili dishonestly charges Kabito realizing that Boss will accept what he says since he has been made to be his eyes and ears. He is likewise preferred by Boss from multiple points of view. The semi-uneducated Mulili once in a while totally misconstrues what is said to him but then takes steps to act basing on the quality of that misconception. Boss’ trust of the individuals who prompt him particularly Mulili make him give horrendous orders to quietness those apparently against his legislature including the basic old couple who were blameless. Manager additionally attempts to exploit Regina strongly. Such outrages talk horribly of the Head of State. Nicodemo and Tumbo examine the situation and how individuals are being murdered: â€Å"we must choose between limited options. Like confined creatures, we move, yet just inside the pen. It has become irresistible the longing to dispose of others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This infers there are not kidding results of scrutinizing the government’s plans. The play inside the play, Betrayal in the City, realizes the ideal change that everyone has been sitting tight for. The practice for the play planned to engage the meeting Head of state turns into a genuine encounter showed up at easily by Jusper, Mosese, and Jere; overwhelming everybody.

Innovation. Innovative techniques of a manufacturing company Assignment

Advancement. Creative methods of an assembling organization - Assignment Example It is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to apply the creative methods of an assembling organization, in a help segment. This is on the grounds that the two plans of action work in various circles, and the primary diverse is portrayed in the idea of the items they produce. The administration part manages elusive merchandise, while the assembling area manages unmistakable products. A case of an assistance is the conveyance of sends, by Fed Ex Company (Chang, 2011). It is significant for the administration business to make a culture of development while directing their exercises. This is on the grounds that the administration part is a significant business, and extraordinarily adds to the advancement of an economy. Anyway there are difficulties that can keep business people in an assistance part from advancing. This is on the grounds that there aren’t any unmistakable rules on the most proficient method to develop for a help segment (Chang, 2011). In any case, a business visionary can beat this test by valuing the administration wherein a business visionary gives to the network. This will make an appropriate attitude that will advocate for the improvement of the administration to carter for the different needs of its clients. It is fundamental to isolate the physiology, structure and the setting inside which the business activity centers around. By doing this, the association will widen its extent of enhancing, and accordingly beat the difficulties that the administration segment faces in building up an advancement (Omachonu et al, 2010). A model portraying an association that values its extent of activity and made thoughts for its importance in the market is simple stream. The fundamental target of the organization is to make it simpler for clients to get to administrations. Because of this goal, the organization created different items, for example, Easy Cruise, Easy Pizza, and EasyCinema. This was conceivable in light of the correct attitude exud ing from the administration as a result of valuing the setting of their business activities. Another strategy for conquering the difficulties is to make an innovative work office inside the association. The division ought to be liable for completing a statistical surveying on the prerequisites of a client, and on the most proficient method to fulfill their necessities (Dodgson et al, 2010) . The division ought to be answerable for breaking down the inputs of the salespeople of the organization, and the different clients that the association serves. The office ought to likewise take a gander at the procedures of the associations contenders, and investigate their imaginative inclinations. Basing on the consequences of their examination, the division should guidance the administration of an association on whether to duplicate the style of their competitors’ method of activity, or to build up their own methodologies. On this note, the R and D division is a significant component o f conquering difficulties that exude from improving in an assistance industry. Another technique for defeating the difficulties that exude for developing in an assistance area is to concentrate on the center components of the organization (Chang, 2011), this is as contradicted on advancing in the supplemental components of the organization, for example, well disposed client care administrations, successful critical thinking instruments, after deals administrations, for example, an additional support of the client with no charge. These beneficial administrations can be replicated by their opponent organizations. On this note, to keep up an edge over their opponents, the association should concentrate on improving its center business objective. A model is the inventive thoughts of CNN in making its administrations open on a 24hr premise. Google started proportions of improving the speed of its internet searcher system, and Fed Ex started proportions of rapidly conveying bundles to the ir customers by working for 24hrs every day. Notwithstanding, it isn't just imperative to concentrate on the center component or target of the business, it is critical to concentrate on other supplemental components of the business association while making an item that will be appealing in the market. In as much as strengthening ser

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training Advanced PowerPoint training is important for college students. However, finding the right course is equally essential because you actually need to learn some useful skills. Below you can find the list of 5 online courses that will help you to learn the ropes of the key advanced PowerPoint features: Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Virtual Training Company With this training, students can learn to create presentations, edit presentations and collaborate on them no matter where they are. Students can make their ideas really shine when they integrate various fonts and themes for their presentations, incorporate animations, and even in bed videos. PowerPoint provides students with multiple templates for different reports, portfolios and educational presentations that they have to make. Eye-Catching Presentations Using PowerPoint by Udemy With this course, students can look over different templates from other users and they can create new presentations from anywhere even if they dont have an Internet connection by way of using their phone, tablet, or computer. Students can work collectively at the same time on a single PowerPoint slide. PowerPoint 2016 (Office 365) by Learn IT Anytime This particular training is great for students who are more advanced in their PowerPoint familiarity. Students who are tasked with preparing a handful of slides which they will contribute to a larger group presentation can all work together on the same presentation document. They can collaborate in real-time, make edits, keep track of their edits and revisions, and communicate with other users while they are doing it. All of the changes which are made are sorted by date and by the person who made the different changes so any reviews versions of the same presentation can be viewed by every user. Beginner to Pro in PowerPoint by Udemy Students who need specialized training for a certain class, say, in finance or business, can learn all about the different charts and graph features available to presenting data. If one student is using PowerPoint for their contribution to the group project, it can be opened by other students, edited, and saved to the presentation. In addition to this, students can present their final work without a huge set up. PowerPoint is supported by almost any device in the classroom. Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Alison With this training, students will learn to use shortcuts, templates, and all of the inbuilt features of the program. Students and teachers can insert images and videos into the presentation which are relevant to the demonstration of their knowledge and subject, and all of this information can be published within a website. This extends far beyond the classroom and allows administrators and teachers alike to create presentations and then post them to a classroom or academic institution webpage that is created through the same Google applications. This information might be something applicable to the student body, to a department, or to a classroom individually. In the end, PowerPoint functions as a presentation application which allows students and teachers to show off the work that theyve completed in a very visually appealing manner. This way students, teachers, and administrators alike can create presentations and edit them as they prefer. They can edit existing presentations with friends, peers, or coworkers, and share an existing presentation with one another in an effortless fashion. Users can import PowerPoint files of any format and convert them to a presentation. All presentations can be downloaded as a presentation format using a PDF, PowerPoint, JPEG, or text file. Overall, you can always contact professional PowerPoint presentation writing services provided by our company.

Macbeths Character Analysis - Free Essay Example

Introduction Macbeth is one of the William Shakespeare’s works that have a tragic ending. In this tragic tale, Macbeth is described as a virtuous man by has been negatively influenced by greed and power (Baloyi 5). The character, Macbeth, is presented in the story as a Scottish general who has been corrupted by the prophecies of three witches who predicts even a more powerful and greater power for him. In line with these prophecies, Macbeth is willing to use all his powers and courage in order to ascend to the throne even if it entails murder. After ascending to power to become the King of Scotland, Macbeth continues to commit atrocities. Macbeth’s response to problems is mainly through violence and murder which is attributed to his lack of the necessary skills to lead the kingdom (Burrow 16). As Macbeth become incessantly uncomfortable by being a criminal, he becomes increasingly vulnerable to psychological torture and distress. Thesis The downfall of Macbeth can be attributed to three main reasons. These reasons include the influence of the witches, his wife Lady Macbeth and himself. This paper, therefore, analyses Macbeth’s character in relation to the reasons highlighted in the text. Quotes and lead-ins Macbeth’s quotes The quotes below shows that Macbeth is aware of the atrocities he is committing, but he is unwilling to change his ways. For instance, in the first quote, Macbeth talks about the need to stop the business of murdering people after he murders Duncan. Macbeth states that, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business† (Shakespeare, I, vii, 32) Furthermore, Macbeth claims that he is not committing the atrocities intentionally but to spur him in the realization of his ambitions. That is, Macbeth exclaimed that, â€Å"†¦I have no spur To prick the sides of intent, but only Vaulting ambition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I, vii, 25-27) Lady Macbeth’s quote Lady Macbeth’s quote below show that she was in support of what Macbeth was doing and even implored him to continue with his atrocities, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man† (I, vii, 79-80) Quotes of the three witches Just like Lady Macbeth, the three witches showered Macbeth with praises highlighting Macbeth’s greatness in some of their exclamations i.e. â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Cawdor!†(I, iii, 49) In addition, the witches continue to predict even greater gains Macbeth continue to commit the atrocities i.e. â€Å"The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray’s In deepest consequence† (I, iii, 124-126) And also, â€Å"Weary sev’nights nine times nine Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine: Though his bark cannot be lost, Yet it shall be tempest-tossed† (I, iii, 22-25) Commentary and analysis Macbeth’s downfall was as a result of his failure to listen to his conscience and greed. From the quotes highlighted above, Macbeth can be said to be responsible for his own actions regardless of the amount of provocations from Lady Macbeth and the three witches. These external forces had no direct control over the actions and decisions of Macbeth. These actions were mainly informed by his ambition to gain more tyrannical power and his unwillingness to listen to what his conscience was telling him (Theatrehistory.com 1). The path of darkness chosen by Macbeth was, therefore, a decision made with clear knowledge of the potential outcomes. From the first quote highlighted in the essay, Macbeth is fully aware that his actions are not correct and he needs to change i.e. â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business† (I, vii, 32). However, he convinces himself of the need to achieve his ambitions thus unwillingness to stop his actions. In this case, Macbeth’s deci sion making has been clouded by greed and quest for more power. Lady Macbeth’s pressure and provocations considerably contributed to the downfall of Macbeth. After the death of Duncan, Macbeth is willing to stop his atrocious activities of murdering people. However, Lady Macbeth insists that he is doing the right thing and there is no need for him to stop. Here, Macbeth’s decisions and judgments are seen to be influenced by the emotional feelings of love towards Lady Macbeth (Powell 9). Lady Macbeth even provokes him by questioning his manhood i.e. â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man†. This quote implies that Macbeth will be even much greater if he decides to continue with his deeds. In this case, Lady Macbeth can be said to have shown him the path of death and destruction. Finally, the role of the witches in Macbeth’s life could have significantly influenced his actions. Apart from hailing Macbeth’s greatness, the witches continued to make proclamations and prophecies that made Macbeth even more ambitious towards realizing of his political objectives and establishing his power in the Kingdom of Scotland. Admittedly, the witches used unholy ways together with proclamations that showed that they were in control of Macbeth. For example, by declaring Macbeth the future king of Scotland, the witches are using supernatural powers in order to control the future of Macbeth. For instance, the third witch proclaimed, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† (I, iii, 50). Since most of the prophecies by the witches had come to pass, it became increasingly difficult for Macbeth to ignore their proclamations and prophecies (Bradley 13). Conclusion The goal of this essay was to use quotes from William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ to establish the causes of his downfall. Though Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth, and the three witches had a massive influence on Macbeth’s actions and decisions, the most realistic argument would be to say Macbeth was responsible for his own downfall. From the essay, Macbeth is seen to succumb to his own urges, ambitions, and greed for greater power. These ambitions and greed show that the tragic fate of Macbeth was influenced by events or things of his own making. Nevertheless, the witches and provocations of Lady Macbeth were also decisive factors in Macbeth’s life. However, one cannot be able to establish if Macbeth was controlled by black magic or he purposely led himself to his tragic fate. Finally, Macbeth can be said to have allowed his flaws to destroy him.

The European Union Of Ban Commercial Seal Products

Abstract This paper delves into the disputes brought against the European Union by Canada and Norway. In doing so, the specifics of the disputes will be discussed and the World Trade Organization’s policies and procedures that have thus far allowed for the European Union to ban commercial seal products from these two countries. The research done on the topic of sealing will cover the regulations in both the Canadian and Norwegian seal fishing and also how their communities are impacted economically. The European Union’s main argument is that neither of these countries regulations on humane killing are efficient enough in ensuring that humane killings can occur at all times. Because of this, they continue to defend that their regulations go†¦show more content†¦They have several arguments, including the following: seal products from Canada and Norway are treated less favorably compared to the European Union’s (EU) domestic seal products and Greenland’s, the EU Seal Regime (measure that prohibits seal products into the EU) creates obstacles and trade restrictions that are unnecessary and that some of the procedural requirements go against requirements of the conformity assessment, Travellers conditions create quantitative restrictions on trade, and the Regime hurts any benefits accrued to them under covered agreements (Panel Report, 2013). The EU, on the other hand, claims that their Seal Regime meets obligations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Three conditions applied to seal products are as follows: the products were received from seals hunted by Inuit or Indigenous communities, the products were received from seals hunted for marine resource management, and travelers are allowed to bring seal products in limitation. The EU claims that the regulations put into place in 2009 and 2010 were implemented because of public moral concerns involving the welfare of seals; people should not cause suffering of animals without clear justi fication (Europa, 2013). The EU argue that inconsistencies claimed by Canada and Norway within the GATT 1994 should be considered as justified because they are working to protect public morals and seals’ health. They also argue that, under the TBT Agreement, any